Python dir(): Get Attributes and Methods of an Object

The dir() function returns a list of all attributes and methods available for an object. It’s useful for exploring objects, debugging, and understanding built-in methods.

Example

x = [1, 2, 3]
print(dir(x))

This shows all methods and attributes available for a list, like append(), pop(), etc.

Syntax

dir(object)  # Returns a list of available attributes and methods

• object → The object to inspect.
• Returns → A list of strings (method/attribute names).

If no object is passed, dir() returns all built-in names in the current scope.

print(dir())  # Shows all global variables and functions

1. Checking Methods of a Data Type

dir() helps you see what functions are available for an object.

text = "hello"
print(dir(text))

You’ll see methods like 'upper', 'lower', 'replace', 'split' – all functions you can use on a string.

2. Exploring Custom Classes

Use dir() to check what’s inside a class.

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def greet(self):
        return "Hello"

print(dir(Person))

It shows built-in methods (__init__, __str__) and user-defined ones (greet).

3. Finding Available Methods for Modules

Want to see what functions a module provides?

import math
print(dir(math))

This lists functions like 'sqrt', 'cos', 'log', etc.

4. Using dir() for Debugging

If you’re unsure about an object’s available properties, dir() helps.

obj = {"key": "value"}
print(dir(obj))

This reveals dictionary-specific methods like keys(), values(), get(), etc.

Key Notes

• ✔ Shows all available attributes and methods – great for learning about objects.
• ✔ Works on built-in types, user-defined classes, and modules.
• ✔ Helps with debugging – quickly see what functions an object supports.
• ✔ No argument? Lists all names in the current scope – useful for checking variables.

By using dir(), you can explore objects dynamically and understand how to work with them efficiently. 🚀